Financial services (FS) trading entities had a real challenge with Brexit. In order to carry on MiFID II licensed activities within the EU, new EU based entities were required. The core of the business, however, be it the intellectual property, the trading systems or group strategy, often remained within the UK.
In the immediate wake of Brexit, the transfer pricing results were messy, and there were many new cross border transactions. The complications arising from having the key function of holding contracts and/or the right to execute trades held within an EU based entity, but all other entrepreneurial functions within the UK, have often led to challenges by tax authorities. Often, group entities have been vulnerable to double taxation and, in order to deal with this, a time consuming and costly Mutual Agreement Procedure has been required.
As if all this was not enough, the challenges of implementing these new arrangements were further complicated by capital requirements for specific licensed activities.